Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander

Includes normal biological markers of physical health such as diet and exercise. Disruptions include smoking and chronic and communicable disease and exclusions from health systems. Restoration can include sports, hunting and gathering, traditional diets and medicines, and accessing services.

Extends beyond mental health, to include recognising culture-bound disorders and the importance of positive emotions, self-confidence and experiencing of joy, rather than just the absence of disorder.
Disruptions include threats to safety, cultural trauma symptoms, and racism. Restoration includes accessing supports, education, truth-telling, and recognition of human rights.

Includes the importance of family and group relations, kinship attachment systems of reciprocity and caring, gender and age roles, including respect for Elders and heritage. Disruptions include removal of children from their families. Restoration includes connecting with family history, strong parenting and family programs, spending time with Elders, and developing healthy relationships with significant others.

Includes cultural structures of responsibility and obligation, social inclusion and relationships. Community cohesion and community-based cultural revitalisation strengthen cultural identity.
Disruptions include lateral violence, family feuding, and isolation. Restoration includes self-determination and community-control, and utilising community to be engaged with others and as a place to give and seek support from others.

Includes cultural expression (yarning, ceremony, fire, art, dance, song, storytelling); cultural knowledge (language, protocol, sociocultural norms, lore, moral and ethical practices) and cultural identity (pride, belonging, values). Disruption includes cultural genocide and cultural clash. Restoration includes learning about, involvement and participating in cultural expression and knowledge.

Includes a deep experience of belonging to Country, there is a traditional or spiritual association to kin and culture and a contemporary yearning to heal country. Disruptions include the dispossession of land. Restoration includes returning to land as a way of healing body, mind, spirit, reconnecting with community, and cultural renewal.

Includes knowledge and belief systems, the Dreaming, and cultural healing practices, and value of wisdom and hope. Disruptions include the impact of mission life and assimilation. Restoration includes accepting evolving expressions of Indigeneity and expressions of spirituality coexisting with Christianity or mindful practices that enable peace and balance.